↑ Hall, Daniel (tháng 12 năm 2008). “Altar and Table: A phenomenology of the surgeon-priest”. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 81 (4): 193–98. PMC2605310. PMID19099050. Although physicians were available in varying capacities in ancient Rome and Athens, the institution of a hospital dedicated to the care of the sick was a distinctly Christian innovation rooted in the monastic virtue and practise of hospitality. Arranged around the monastery were concentric rings of buildings in which the life and work of the monastic community was ordered. The outer ring of buildings served as a hostel in which travellers were received and boarded. The inner ring served as a place where the monastic community could care for the sick, the poor and the infirm. Monks were frequently familiar with the medicine available at that time, growing medicinal plants on the monastery grounds and applying remedies as indicated. As such, many of the practicing physicians of the Middle Ages were also clergy.
↑ Lovoll, Odd (1998). A Portrait of Norwegian Americans Today. U of Minnesota Press. tr. 192. ISBN978-0-8166-2832-2.
↑ Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), các trang134-5.
1 2 Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), p.135.
↑ C. Elgood, A Medical History of Persia, (Cambridge Univ. Press), p. 173.
↑ Roderick E. McGrew, Encyclopedia of Medical History (Macmillan 1985), các trang 135-6.
